It is possible to insert larger value than defined by the teiid datatype, see query:
INSERT INTO SmallA (IntKey, BigIntegerValue) VALUES (100, 1234567890123456789012345)

But if I try to select the value, null is returned for BigIntegerValue:
SELECT IntKey, BigIntegerValue FROM SmallA WHERE IntKey=100

(VDB is same as in TEIID-4714)